Reishi
Nombre científico: Ganoderma lucidum.
Reishi o Ganoderma lucidum es popularmente conocido como «hongo de la eterna juventud» u «hongo de la inmortalidad», utilizado en China desde varios siglos antes de Cristo.
Mundialmente, el Reishi es considerado el rey de las setas. Tal categoría viene incluida en su nombre japonés —que significa «seta fantasma»— aludiendo a su extremada escasez. Hasta hace poco, solo era posible encontrar un ejemplar de Reishi entre las miles de setas que crecían en los bosques de oriente.
Por su parte, los chinos le otorgaron un nombre más propio a sus virtudes curativas: «ling zhi», que significa «planta espiritual». Popularmente era conocida como «planta de la inmortalidad» o «seta de los diez mil años» debido a sus virtudes especiales contra el envejecimiento, de ahí que el emperador era el único que podía consumirla.
A día de hoy, Ganoderma lucidum es uno de los hongos más usados con fines medicinales pese a ser considerado un hongo no comestible por su sabor amargo y consistencia leñosa, sombrero de color rojo a negro y característico aspecto lúcido que da nombre a la especie.
Por otra parte, Reishi es un hongo adaptógeno capaz de ejercer un estímulo general sobre el organismo y actuar como soporte antisenescente. De hecho, ha sido reconocido entre las diez sustancias terapéuticas naturales más eficaces.
Según las investigaciones científicas realizadas, para la aplicación de tratamientos micoterápicos debemos contar con una dosis diaria y efectiva—específica para cada hongo— de principios activos con actividad terapéutica probada.
Estas altas dosis de moléculas bioactivas solo se consiguen empleando extractos estandarizados puros y libres de maltodextrinas *y otros excipientes que puedan alterar la acción de los componentes activos. Sin embargo, a nivel de *pediatría y veterinaria podemos trabajar con formas en *polvo *y de producción ecológica certificada que nos garantizan la calidad de las mismas.
Componentes
Ganoderma lucidum presenta una composición química compleja. Sin embargo, desde un punto de vista citoquímico, los principios responsables de sus propiedades farmacológicas se pueden agrupar en ergosteroles, triterpenoides y polisacáridos (Rios Cañavete JL, Revista Fitoterapia 2008).
Riquísimo en moléculas bioactivas:
- Sales minerales (hierro, zinc, cobre, manganeso, magnesio, potasio, germanio y calcio).
- Vitaminas del grupo B (en particular la B9).
- 17 aminoácidos entre los cuales todos los esenciales.
- Polisacáridos, peptidoglicanos y heteropolisacáridos.
- Triterpenos (ácidos ganodéricos clasificados de la A-Z) con actividad tipo antihistamínica (A, C y D), hepatoprotectiva (R), anti-hipertensiva (B, D, F, H, K, S e Y), hipocolesterolémica (M, F), ACE-inhibidor (ganoderol B) y antiagregante plaquetario.
- Esteroles y sustancias tipo cortisona.
- Adenosina y guanosina con efecto antiagregante plaquetario, miorelajante (músculo esquelético) y sedativo del SNC.
Acción terapéutica
Los constituyentes farmacológicamente activos más importantes de Ganoderma lucidum son los triterpenos y los polisacáridos. Los triterpenos por sus efectos hepatoprotector, anti-histamínico, hipocolesterolémico, inhibidor de agregación plaquetaria y como inhibidor del complemento. En cuanto a los β-glucanos es importante destacar sus propiedades antitumorales, inmunomoduladoras, antimutagénicas y antioxidantes (Boh B. et al.).
Inmunomodulación y coadyuvante en el cáncer
Investigaciones recientes en el estudio de los efectos inmunomoduladores de las principales sustancias presentes en Ganoderma lucidum, β-D-glucanos y triterpenoides destacan su capacidad mitogénica y activadora de células efectoras del sistema inmunológico.
El extracto acuoso de Ganoderma lucidum induce la expresión de citoquinas de las cuales IL-10, TNF-α, IL-6 y IL-2 en células sanguíneas mononucleares humanas in vitro (Mao T. et al.).
Los efectos terapéuticos de Ganoderma lucidum, como tratamiento en pacientes de cáncer y las acciones antiinflamatorias se han asociado con sus efectos inmunomoduladores (Zhou Sh. et al.). La diferenciación y maduración de las células dendríticas por parte de la fracción polisacárida de Ganoderma lucidum (GL-PS) son eventos cruciales que definen su capacidad para inducir una respuesta inmune en contra de tumores (Chan WK. et al.).
Ensayos clínicos para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de polisacáridos obtenidos a partir de extracto de Ganoderma lucidum en pacientes de cáncer avanzado concluyeron que efectivamente dicho extracto puede tener un papel coadyuvante en el tratamiento de este tipo de pacientes (Gao Y. et al.). El departamento de pediatría de la universidad de Hong-Kong proporciona evidencias de que el extracto de micelio de Ganoderma lucidum actúa como inmunomodulador sobre las células del sistema inmunitario y puede ser utilizado como coadyuvante natural en pacientes pediátricos de cáncer (Chan WK. et al.).
Los peptidoglicanos extraídos a partir de Ganoderma lucidum (GPP) pueden constituir una aplicación potencial en el control de pacientes con inmunodeficiencia inducida por abuso de opiáceos, gracias a su capacidad de restauración de parámetros inmunológicos deprimidos por este tipo de analgésicos (Lu ZW.).
Antiinflamatorio
Su elevado contenido en triterpenos le confiere a Ganoderma lucidum una acción antiinflamatoria comparable a la hidrocortisona sin efectos secundarios. Esta acción explica su rápido efecto sobre los casos de artritis y patologías inflamatorias crónicas en general.
Se ha realizado un estudio sobre el efecto inhibitorio en mediadores químicos liberados por los mastocitos, neutrófilos y macrófagos de triterpenos y esteroides a partir del cuerpo fructífero de Ganoderma lucidum, actuando como potentes anti-inflamatorios en pacientes asmáticos y/o alérgicos (Ko HH. et al.).
El tratamiento a base de extracto de Reishi redujo la actividad de NF-kB que resulta un factor fundamental entre la inflamación crónica y el desarrollo de cáncer. Asimismo, la administración de extracto de Ganoderma lucidum juega un rol esencial en la modulación de la respuestas inflamatorias impidiendo su cronificación (Jiang J. et al.).
Acción hipnótica y sedativa
Los triterpenos presentes en el Reishi son los responsables del efecto calmante sobre el sistema nervioso. El extracto acuoso de Ganoderma lucidum presenta efectos hipnóticos y acciones sedantes sobre el sistema nervioso central en animales, aumentando en consecuencia el tiempo de sueño y disminuyendo marcadamente la actividad motora espontánea (Yu L. et al.).
El tratamiento a base de Ganoderma lucidum favorece el aumento de tiempo de sueño así como el aumento de apetito sin producir ningún tipo de adicción (Honda K. et al.).
Ganoderma lucidum ha sido utilizado tradicionalmente como factor promotor del sueño, así como en el tratamiento de neurosis causadas por estrés ambiental (Kenneth J. et al.).
Criterios de búsqueda
- Producción ecológica certificada por un organismo europeo.
- Extracto puro estandarizado con talco como excipiente, libre de maltodextrinas y otros irritantes potenciales, almidón, azúcar, maíz, soja, trigo o lácteos.
- Presentación en cápsula vegetal o en polvo (sin recubrimiento) y nunca en comprimidos sometidos a termoformación (alta temperatura y presión) por posible pérdida de los principios activos termovolátiles.
- Elaboración en laboratorios farmacéuticos que presenten la garantía GMP (buenas prácticas de producción).
Presentación
El Instituto de Micoterapia Internacional recomienda la toma de Reishi en forma de extracto de Hifas da Terra por ser 100% extracto libre de maltodextrinas, conservantes, irritantes potenciales, almidón, azúcar, maíz, soja, trigo o lácteos, además de ser apto para vegetarianos, celíacos y veganos.
Validación científica
- Yonei Y, Takahashi Y, Takahashi H, Watanebe M, Mochizuki T, Bando H. A double-blind clinical study of Rokkaku Reishi essence in women. Anti-Aging medicine. Vol 4 (2007), No 1 pp.28-37 A double-blind clinical study of Rokkaku Reishi essence in women
- Sliva D. Cellular and Physiological Effects of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi). Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 4, Number 8, October 2004 , pp. 873-879(7) Cellular and Physiological Effects of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi).
- Wasser SP. Reishi or Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum). Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements. DOI: 10,1081/E-EDS-120022119 Reishi or Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum)
- Zhou Sh, Gao, Y. The immunomodulating effects of Ganoderma lucidum (urt.: Fr) P. Karst (Ling Zhi, reishi mushroom)(Aphyllophoromycetidae). Int. J. Med. Mushrooms 2202, 4 (1), 1-11 The immunomodulating effects of Ganoderma lucidum (urt.: Fr) P. Karst (Ling Zhi, reishi mushroom)(Aphyllophoromycetidae)
- Kawagishi H, Mitsunaga S, Yamawaki M, Ido M, Shimada A, Kinoshita T, Murata T, Usui T, Kimura A, Chiba S. A lectin from mycelia of the fungus Ganoderma lucidum.
Phytochemistry, Volume 44, Issue 1, January 1997, Pages 7-10 A lectin from mycelia of the fungus Ganoderma lucidum - Gao, Y, Zhou Sh, Chen G, Dai X, Ye J. A Phase I/II Study of a Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. Extract (Ganopofy) in Patients with Advanced Cancer. Int. J. Med. Mushrooms 2002 4 (3), 207-214 A Phase I/II Study of a Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. Extract (Ganopofy) in Patients with Advanced Cancer.
- Gao Y, Lan J, Dai X, Ye J, Zhou S. A phase I/II study of ling zhi mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.:Fr.) Lloyd (Aphyllophoromycetideae) Extract in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Int. J.Med. Mushrooms 6, 2004, 33-39. A phase I/II study of ling zhi mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.:Fr.) Lloyd (Aphyllophoromycetideae) Extract in patients with type II diabetes mellitus.
- Kwok Y, Ng KF, Li CC, Lam CC, Man RY. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the platelet and global hemostatic effects of Ganoderma lucidum (Ling-Zhi) in healthy volunteers. Anesth Analg. 2005 Aug;101(2):423-6 A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the platelet and global hemostatic effects of Ganoderma lucidum (Ling-Zhi) in healthy volunteers
- Tasaka K, Akagi M, Miyoshi K, Mio M, Makino T. Anti-allergic constituents in the culture medium of Ganoderma lucidum.(I) Inhibitory effect of oleic acid on histamine release. Agents and Actions. Volume 23, Numbers 3-4 / mayo de 1988
Anti-allergic constituents in the culture medium of Ganoderma lucidum.(I) Inhibitory effect of oleic acid on histamine release - Tasaka K, Mio M, Izushi K, Akagi M, Makino T. Anti-allergic constituents in the culture medium of Ganoderma lucidum. (II). The inhibitory effect of cyclooctasulfur on histamine release.Agents and Actions. Volume 23, Numbers 3-4 / mayo de 1988. Anti-allergic constituents in the culture medium of Ganoderma lucidum. (II). The inhibitory effect of cyclooctasulfur on histamine release
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- Li YQ, Wang SF. Anti-hepatitis B activities of ganoderic acid from Ganoderma lucidum. BIotchnology Lett (2006) 28:837-841. DOI 10.1007/sl0529-006-9007-9 Anti-hepatitis B activities of ganoderic acid from Ganoderma lucidum.
- Sheena N, Ajith TA, Janardhanan KK. Anti-inflammatory and Anti-nociceptive Activities of Ganoderma lucidum Occurring in South India. Pharmaceutical Biology 2003, Vol. 41, No. 4, Pages 301-304
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- Lin Zb, Zhang H. Anti-tumor and immunoregulatory activities of Ganoderma lucidum and its possible mechanisms. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2004 Nov; 25 (11): 1387-1395 Anti-tumor and immunoregulatory activities of Ganoderma lucidum and its possible mechanisms
- Eo S, So Kim Y, Lee C, Han S. Antiherpetic activities of various protein bound polysaccharides isolated from Ganoderma lucidum. College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea. Antiherpetic activities of various protein bound polysaccharides isolated from Ganoderma lucidum.
- Ko HH, Hung CF, Wang JP, Lin CN. Antiinflammatory triterpenoids and steroids from Ganoderma lucidum and G. tsugae. Faculty of Fragrance and Cosmetics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, ROC.
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Lakshmi B, Ajith TA, Sheena N, Gunapalan N, Janardhanan K. Antiperoxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antimutagenic activities of ethanol extract of the mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum occurring in South India. Teratogenesis, carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis.Volume 23 Issue S1,Pages 85 - 9 Published Onine: 20 Feb 2003 Antiperoxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antimutagenic activities of ethanol extract of the mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum occurring in South India
- Xu J, Liu W, Yao W, Pang W, Yin D, Gao X. Carboxymethylation of a polysaccharide extracted from Ganoderma lucidum enhances its antioxidant activities in vitro. Carbohydrate Polymers 78 (2009) 227–234 Carboxymethylation of a polysaccharide extracted from Ganoderma lucidum enhances its antioxidant activities in vitro
- Lee SY, Rhee HM. Cardiovascular effects of mycelium extract of Ganoderma lucidum: inhibition of sympathetic outflow as a mechanism of its hypotensive action. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1990 May;38(5):1359-64. Cardiovascular effects of mycelium extract of Ganoderma lucidum: inhibition of sympathetic outflow as a mechanism of its hypotensive action
- Lin ZB. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Immuno-modulation by Ganoderma lucidum. J Pharmacol Sci 99, 144 – 153 (2005) Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Immuno-modulation by Ganoderma lucidum
- Ajith TA, Sudheesh NP, Roshny D, Abishek G, Janardhanan KK. Effect of Ganoderma lucidum on the activities of mitochondrial dehydrogenases and complex I and II of electron transport chain in the brain of aged rats. Experimental Gerontology 44 (2009) 219–223 Effect of Ganoderma lucidum on the activities of mitochondrial dehydrogenases and complex I and II of electron transport chain in the brain of aged rats.
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- Wang X, Zhao X, Li D, Lou YQ, Lin ZB, Zhang GL. Effects of Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharide on CYP2E1, CYP1A2 and CYP3A Activities in BCG-Immune Hepatic Injury in Rats
- Wang MF, Chan YC, Wu CL, Wong YC, Hosoda K, Yamamoto S. Effects of Ganoderma on aging and learning and memory ability in senescence accelerated mice. International Congress Series 1260 (2004) 399– 404 Effects of Ganoderma on aging and learning and memory ability in senescence accelerated mice.
- Pillai TG., Nair CKK, Janardhanan KK. Enhancement of repair of radiation induced DNA strand breaks in human cells by Ganoderma mushroom polysaccharides. Food Chemistry 119 (2010) 1040–1043 Enhancement of repair of radiation induced DNA strand breaks in human cells by Ganoderma mushroom polysaccharides.
- XiaoPing Ch, Yan Ch, ShuiBing L, YouGuo Ch, JianYun L, LanPing L. Free radical scavenging of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides and its effect on antioxidant enzymes and immunity activities in cervical carcinoma rats. Carbohydrate Polymers 77 (2009) 389–393 Free radical scavenging of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides and its effect on antioxidant enzymes and immunity activities in cervical carcinoma rats.
- Tang W, Liu JW, Zhao WM, Wei DZ, Zhong JJ. Ganoderic acid T from Ganoderma lucidum mycelia induces mitochondria mediated apoptosis in lung cancer cells. Life Sciences, Volume 80, Issue 3, 23 December 2006, Pages 205-211 Ganoderic acid T from Ganoderma lucidum mycelia induces mitochondria mediated apoptosis in lung cancer cells.
- Wachtel-Galor S, Szeto Y, Tomlinson B, Ff Benzie I. Ganoderma lucidum ('Lingzhi'); acute and short-term biomarker response to supplementation. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Volume 55, Issue 1 February 2004 , pages 75 ? 83 Ganoderma lucidum ('Lingzhi') and short-term biomarker response to supplementation
- Wachtel-Galor S., Tomlinson B., Benzie I.F. Ganoderma lucidum (?Lingzhi?), a Chinese medicinal mushroom: biomarker responses in a controlled human supplementation study. Br J Nutr 2004;91:263?9. Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi), a Chinese medicinal mushroom: biomarker responses in a controlled human supplementation study
- Boh B., Berovic M., Zhang J., Zhi-Bin L. Ganoderma lucidum and its pharmaceutically active compounds. Biotechnology Annual Review, Volume 13, 2007, Pages 265-301. Ganoderma lucidum and its pharmaceutically active compounds
- Kim KC, Kim GI. Ganoderma lucidum extract protects DNA from strand breakage caused by hydroxylradical and UV irradiation.Int J Mol Med 1999; 4(3):273-277. ICID: 262481 IC? Ganoderma lucidum extract protects DNA from strand breakage caused by hydroxylradical and UV irradiation
- Lu QY, Jin YS, Zhanga Q, Zhang Z, Heber D, Go VL, Li FP, Raob JY. Ganoderma lucidum extracts inhibit growth and induce actin polymerization in bladder cancer cells in vitro. Cancer etters 213 (2004) 9-20. Ganoderma lucidum extracts inhibit growth and induce actin polymerization in bladder cancer cells in vitro
- Chang YH, Yang JS, Yang JL, Wu CL, Chang SJ, Lu KW, Lin JJ, Hsia TC, Lin YT, Ho CC, Wood WG., Chung JG.Ganoderma lucidum Extracts Inhibited Leukemia WEHI-3 Cells in BALB/c Mice and Promoted an Immune Response in Vivo. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2009 Dec 7. Ganoderma lucidum Extracts Inhibited Leukemia WEHI-3 Cells in BALB/c Mice and Promoted an Immune Response in Vivo.
- Jiang J, Slivova V, Valachovicova T, Harvey K, Sliva D. Ganoderma lucidum inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells PC-3. Cancer Research Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, E504, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. Ganoderma lucidum inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells PC-3.
- Chan WK, Lam DT, Law HK, Wong WT, Koo MW, Lau AS, Lau YL, Chan GC. Ganoderma lucidum mycelium and spore extracts as natural adjuvants for immunotherapy.J Altern Complement Med. 2005 Dec;11(6):1047-57. Ganoderma lucidum mycelium and spore extracts as natural adjuvants for immunotherapy.
- Ho YW, Yeung EJSL, Chiu EPKY, Tang WM, Lin ZB, Man RYK, Lau CS. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines in activated rheumatoid synovial fibroblast. Received: 14 September 2006 / Accepted: 21 December 2006 / Published online: 12 January 2007_ Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007 Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines in activated rheumatoid synovial fibroblast.
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- Zhu XL, Chen AF, Lin ZB.. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 111, Issue 2, 4 May 2007, Pages 219-226 Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides enhance the function of immunological effector cells in immunosuppressed mice
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- Mizushina Y, Takahashi N, Hanashima L, Koshino H, Esumi Y, Uzawa J, Sugawara F, Sakaguchi K. Lucidenic acid O and lactone, new terpene inhibitors of eukaryotic DNA polymerases from a basidiomycete, ganoderma lucidum. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 7, Issue 9, September 1999, Pages 2047-2052 Lucidenic acid O and lactone, new terpene inhibitors of eukaryotic DNA polymerases from a basidiomycete, ganoderma lucidum.
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- Li EK, Tam LS, Wong CK, Li WC, Lam CW, Wachtel-Galor S, Benzie IF, Bao YX, Leung PC, Tomlinson B. Safety and efficacy of Ganoderma lucidum (lingzhi) and San Miao San supplementation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial Arthritis & Rheumatism (Arthritis Care & Research) Vol. 57, No. 7, October 15, 2007, pp 1143?1150. DOI 10.1002/art.22994 Safety and efficacy of Ganoderma lucidum (lingzhi) and San Miao San supplementation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial
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- Zhou GQ, Zhao HY, Lu C. Effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on intestinal mucosal immune system in H22 liver cancer bearing mice